Âûó÷èì àíãëèéñêèé âìåñòå! ÂÑÅ ó÷åáíèêè, àóäèî- è âèäåîìàòåðèàëû, áîëåå 120 000 çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé! http://englishtips.org/ ru Âûó÷èì àíãëèéñêèé âìåñòå! ÂÑÅ ó÷åáíèêè, àóäèî- è âèäåîìàòåðèàëû, áîëåå 120 000 çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé! http://englishtips.org/yandexlogo.gif Âûó÷èì àíãëèéñêèé âìåñòå! ÂÑÅ ó÷åáíèêè, àóäèî- è âèäåîìàòåðèàëû, áîëåå 120 000 çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé! http://englishtips.org/ DataLife Engine Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Volume 4: Europe http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150794799 Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Volume 4: Europe Including all the national cultures, such as Danes, Germans and English, as well as regional cultures such as Castilians, Sicilians and Bretons. This resource also covers linguistic minorities such as the Basques, the Sorbs and the various Gypsy populations. REUPLOADED Ñëîâàðè è ýíöèêëîïåäèè/Dictionaries and Encyclope plamen Thu, 24 Jul 2008 01:54:19 +0400 Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Volume 4: Europe Including all the national cultures, such as Danes, Germans and English, as well as regional cultures such as Castilians, Sicilians and Bretons. This resource also covers linguistic minorities such as the Basques, the Sorbs and the various Gypsy populations. DOWNLOAD http://rapidshare.com/files/131933755/encyclopedia_of_world_cultures_vol_4_-_europe_-_d._levinson__1992_.pdf or http://www.zshare.net/download/1583940070ce47ff/ Describing Language http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801769 A student introduction to descriptive linguistics, Describing Language is essentially practical in its orientation. It is useful for anyone who wishes to refer to technical literature involving linguistic description, who requires a basic conceptual framework and technical vocabulary with which to discuss language, and who needs to make elementary but principled descriptions and analyses of real data (such as classroom interaction or counselling sessions). Topics covered include phonetics, prosody, word structure, syntax, text and discourse structure, word and utterance meaning, and non-verbal behaviour. Includes an accessible introduction to both Chomsky's Universal Grammar and Halliday's Systemic Grammar. It is an invaluable textbook for students across the social sciences. Íåõóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà / Non-Fiction, Ëèíãâèñòèêà / Linguistics Maria Thu, 24 Jul 2008 01:28:07 +0400 A student introduction to descriptive linguistics, Describing Language is essentially practical in its orientation. It is useful for anyone who wishes to refer to technical literature involving linguistic description, who requires a basic conceptual framework and technical vocabulary with which to discuss language, and who needs to make elementary but principled descriptions and analyses of real data (such as classroom interaction or counselling sessions). Topics covered include phonetics, prosody, word structure, syntax, text and discourse structure, word and utterance meaning, and non-verbal behaviour. Includes an accessible introduction to both Chomsky's Universal Grammar and Halliday's Systemic Grammar. It is an invaluable textbook for students across the social sciences.    
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 Dr Spock's The First Two Years http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801768 Dr. Spock's The First Two Years: The Emotional and Physical Needs of Children from Birth to Age Two These newly collected essays talk parents through child care issues, sleep and bed chances, illnesses, nutrition, and much more. Íåõóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà / Non-Fiction sneza Thu, 24 Jul 2008 01:27:41 +0400 Chapter One: Communicating with Your Baby: READING YOUR BABY'S CUES Babies can express their feelings and needs in many ways. Learning to read your baby is very important, especially for parents who want to respond to their baby's needs appropriately. Crying is a major source of communication that the newborn baby has. So in one way, it's a very healthy sign that your baby can cry and let you know that he needs you. The bond between the parent and baby may be deepened if parents are sensitive to their baby's cries, gestures, and behavior in general. I feel that it is very important to learn to listen to your children. You can learn to listen to your baby even at its very early age. Listening means focusing your attention, not in a worried way, but in an observing manner. You want to learn what your baby wants and needs. You can read books and articles but the main way you will learn about your baby is to be observant in a meaningful way. That means spending time looking and listening to your baby, not just feeding and cleaning him, and putting him to sleep, but also keenly focusing your undivided attention to him. And then trusting yourself. Because you do know more than you think you do. New Inside Out Beginner Student's Book http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801767 New Inside Out takes all the best aspects of the original series and adds a host of brand new features to make it even more engaging for students and teachers alike.  This is the most relevant and exciting general English course available. Ó÷åáíèêè/Coursebooks twilightstate Wed, 23 Jul 2008 23:23:50 +0400 There are now 4 pages of ‘core’ content per unit, plus extra pages which comprise the additional syllabus. Useful phrases – a language bank of practical English, built up unit-by-unit, to provide students with the key language they need outside the classroom. Vocabulary Extra pages – Recycles the key vocabulary from the previous unit and provides the student with a wordlist of useful vocabulary to refer to. Grammar sections – New Inside Out provides the support teachers need for the effective teaching of grammar. There are two comprehensive grammar sections in every unit. In addition, students are referred to the Grammar Extra section at the back of the student’s book for extended explanations and practice. Clear signposting – New design features makes navigating round the page even easier, with colour-coded, concise headings.  
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 Zadania przygotowujące do egzaminu gimnazjalnego http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801766 Zestaw zawiera książkę z kluczem + audio cd (mp3) Trzy zestawy zadań i kilka dodatkowych informacji dot. egzaminu (wymagane struktury leksykalne, standardy wymagań itp.) Objętość: 24 strony + CD Wielkość pliku: 31MB Ó÷åáíèêè/Coursebooks, Àóäèî / Audio domel Wed, 23 Jul 2008 23:23:20 +0400 Zestaw zawiera książkę z kluczem + audio cd (mp3) Trzy zestawy zadań i kilka dodatkowych informacji dot. egzaminu (wymagane struktury leksykalne, standardy wymagań itp.) Objętość: 24 strony + CD Contemporary Economic Issues http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150792012 Contemporary Economic Issues (48 lectures, 30 minutes/lecture) Taught by Timothy Taylor Macalester College M.Econ., Stanford University Aside from war and peace, most of today's important public issues are economic ones. Can U.S. economic leadership be sustained? Is airline deregulation good or bad? Should we include environmental and worker protections in trade pacts? What, if any, are the side effects of minimum-wage laws? What does it mean for Europe to adopt a unified currency? Is immigration good for the U.S. economy? What's the best way to cut pollution? These 48 lectures address six major themes that cover the entire spectrum of policy debate over our economic well-being and our future: the forces of competition America's workers investing in America's future budget and monetary policies trade and exchange-rate policy a tour of the global economy. The Region, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, had this to report about Professor Timothy Taylor's course: "These 30-minute lectures define the issue, give salient facts, use economic reasoning to compare policy options and conclude with Taylor's observations on the issue. They are easy to follow and free of economic jargon. "Listening to these lectures reveals why Taylor is the recipient of teaching awards from Stanford University and the University of Minnesota. His presentations' facts and concepts are easy to grasp. Also, his use of historical examples and quotes from economists and other notables make his lectures enjoyable, as well as informative. For example, from Dickens' A Christmas Carol, did you know that Bob Cratchit was a better economist than Ebenezer Scrooge?" After introducing the approach of the course, Professor Taylor gets directly to work. Çíàìåíèòûé è âñåîáúåìëþùèé êóðñ ïî âîïðîñàì ñîâðåìåííîé ýêîíîìèêè, íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêèìè ïðîáëåìàìè. REUPLOADED Àóäèîêíèãè/Audiobooks aline Wed, 23 Jul 2008 22:31:35 +0400 Section 1: The Forces of Competition (Lectures 2-9) You review the fundamentals of antitrust policies and shifts in thinking about antitrust policy. You explore whether government deregulation of airlines, banking, and trucking has worked and you examine the current deregulation of telecommunications and electricity. You study the U.S. health-care industry, the most expensive in the world, which does not measurably improve our health. What can the experience of other countries teach us? How should we reform health care? You examine the savings and loan crisis and the "universal" banks that may be the future of this industry. You assess environmental regulations. Many have worked, yet controversial issues remain, including Superfund, the Endangered Species Act, and the possible "greenhouse effect." You conclude this section by examining the growing privatization of industries and government outsourcing. Section 2: America's Workers (Lectures 10-17) Professor Taylor opens this section by exposing the two widely held misconceptions about the nature of jobs and unemployment, and what follows once these fallacies are exposed. In this section, you study: whether the jobs created by the American economy in the past few decades have been good jobs—or whether we are becoming a nation of fast-food workers why there has been a growth of wage inequality in the U.S. since the mid-1970s and what, if anything, can be done about it the causes and effects of the decline in U.S. unions the economic view of race and gender discrimination and the economic consequences of immigration. Concluding this section, Professor Taylor offers a concise introduction to welfare and poverty that is a "must" for anyone who wants to understand this complex and controversial subject. Section 3: Investing in America's Future (Lectures 18-22) The U.S. economy has been the world's leader in this century. Will the U.S. lose its leadership? To answer this question, you need to understand what causes national economic growth. You learn: U.S. rates of personal saving and investment in physical capital are quite low and what steps we might take to boost them. Education is a key to growth, yet the performance of U.S. public schools has been declining. Should we adopt educational reforms such as school choice? Basic infrastructure—roads, bridges, power lines, and so on—is essential to growth. How does "pork-barrel" politics make building needed infrastructure more difficult? How new technology raises living standards and whether we can improve our support for research and development. U.S. stock prices skyrocketed in the 1980s and 1990s to levels far above historical norms. What are the main indicators that show how high the stock market "should" be? (This course was recorded in 1998—yes, Professor Taylor saw a drop coming, and also rightly predicted that it would not cause a depression.) Section 4: Fiscal and Monetary Policy (Lectures 23-34) This section examines government spending and taxation. You'll study several hot policy topics: supply-siders, who stress the value of tax-rate cuts to economic growth, and their critics the shift from farming to manufacturing to services to information the economic effects of the federal deficit the means available to prevent the insolvency of Social Security how we can get the most bang for our buck in defense spending how we can manage the enormous costs of Medicaid and Medicare whether the U.S. tax burden is too high whether we should adopt a flat tax why the Federal Reserve has so much power. Section 5: Trade and the U.S. Economy (Lectures 35-38) You study why many economists believe so strongly in free trade, and why they would urge the U.S. to practice such a policy even if no other country did so. In everyday discussions, the trade deficit often gets mixed up with disputes about free trade. You learn how to untangle these conceptually distinct, but often-confused topics, and gain a clear understanding of each. You examine what can be done about the unevenly distributed costs and benefits of trade policies and whether we should put safeguards for environmental and labor standards into trade pacts. Section 6: A Tour of the World Economy (Lectures 39-47) Western Europe. Taken together, the nations of Western Europe have the world's biggest economy. What issues are raised by Europe's economic integration? Eastern Europe. Much remains to be done before formerly communist countries will have market economies. Who can help? Japan. Well into the 1980s, Japan maintained surging growth rates that some observers credited to its trade barriers and government subsidies to industry. You see that Japan must now chart a new course toward growth. The East Asian "Tigers." Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia achieved very rapid sustained growth. First they were models, and since 1997 they have become cautionary tales. China. The world's most populous country has undergone extremely rapid development. Is a leading position in the world economy a possibility? India. With a population almost the size of China's, India is the world's biggest democracy. Its economic potential is extraordinary. How did it begin making progress in that direction in 1991? Latin America. These economies began to recover in the 1990s from their dismal showing during the 1980s. What changes led to this? What potential for growth exists? Africa. Africa's economies have been stagnating or even regressing. Is there a way out? Can foreign aid help? Conclusion The concluding lecture stresses themes and connections that can be missed amid talk of discrete policy issues. What have economists learned over the last few decades that is true and useful? You run across stories like these in the media every day as you try to keep track of the economic issues that profoundly affect you as an investor, a worker, or a taxpaying citizen. You know you can’t afford not to be informed on these questions, but just keeping up with the news is a struggle, and the jargon that journalists and experts sometimes use can perplex even the brightest layperson. Wouldn’t it be wonderful to have a stock of knowledge and analytical tools that you could apply to what you read and see, getting to the vital essence of economic debate and reportage with the swift comprehension that you need? Professor Timothy Taylor’s course on Contemporary Economic Issues can give you that knowledge and analytical acumen. Whether it’s the shifting stock market, changes in the tax code, the size and shape of the post-Cold War "peace dividend," or vigorously contested subjects like health-care reform, immigration, foreign aid, deregulation, international-trade policy, and welfare programs, Professor Taylor offers clear and balanced explanations of what economics can teach you. Grasp the Issues That Shape Your World Clearly, economics is a huge force in your life, but you won’t need any special background to get the most out of this course. With Professor Taylor’s knack for clearly communicating ideas and skillfully choosing examples, you’ll learn to go "behind the headlines" with a deeper and more systematic understanding built on the knowledge you’ll gain. But what if you do have some formal training in economics and some considered views on the issues discussed? You may find that these lectures confirm and reinforce some of your opinions, while challenging you to rethink others. Then too, you may find yourself arriving at informed opinions on new subjects, while on still others you may conclude that suspending judgment is the wisest course, but even then you’ll be in a better position to evaluate fresh evidence or arguments. Whatever you conclude about the subjects that Professor Taylor explores, you can rest assured that your opinion will be the product of fresh thought fueled by this engaging and superbly taught lecture series. Look through the lecture descriptions and see if your interest isn’t piqued. If you save and invest, work at a job or profession, and pay taxes, it certainly should be. Contemporary Economic Issues offers a wealth of important information that you won’t find so readily available anywhere else. It’s a superb investment for anyone who wants to be better informed. Professor Taylor taught previously at Stanford, where his lecturing ability earned him the student association’s Award for Excellence in Teaching. He also serves as managing editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, a leading review of new scholarship and ideas in his field.   Part I Lecture 1: Economizing, the Economy, Economics, and Economic Policy Lecture 2: America’s Competition Policy—Antitrust and Mergers Lecture 3: The Great Deregulation Experiment—Airlines and More Lecture 4: Frontiers of Deregulation—Telephones and Electricity Lecture 5: Financing the Health Care Industry Lecture 6: Competitiveness in Banks and Savings and Loans Lecture 7: Re-Inventing Regulation Lecture 8: Issues in Environmental Regulation Lecture 9: Privatization—Steering, not Rowing Lecture 10: Medicine for Unemployment—What Works, What Doesn’t Lecture 11: Are America’s Jobs Decreasing in Quality? Lecture 12: The Growing Inequality of Wages Part II Lecture 13: The Rise and Fall (and Rise?) of American Unions Lecture 14: Discrimination Against Women and Minorities in the Labor Market Lecture 15: Taking the Economics out of Immigration Lecture 16: Welfare Reform Lecture 17: Raising Wages for the Working Poor—Minimum Wages, Wage Subsidies, and Job Training Lecture 18: The Race for Global Economic Leadership Lecture 19: Can We Increase U.S. Savings and Investment? Lecture 20: Reform of K-12 Education Lecture 21: The Delicacies of Investing in Infrastructure Lecture 22: Technology, Research and Development Lecture 23: Is the Stock Market Headed for a Crash? Lecture 24: The Supply-Side Economics Movement Part III Lecture 25: Sectoral Evolution—Farming, Manufacturing, Services, the Information Age? Lecture 26: Federal Budgets—Deficit, Balance, or Surplus Lecture 27: The Shaky Foundations of Social Security Lecture 28: Defense Spending and the Uncertainties of the "Peace Dividend" Lecture 29: The Government in Health Care—Medicare and Medicaid Lecture 30: The American Tax Burden in Perspective Lecture 31: Flat and Flatter Taxes Lecture 32: Inflation—Why the Measure Matters Lecture 33: The Federal Reserve and Inflation Fighting Lecture 34: Economic Interpretations of Federalism—What Should States Do? Lecture 35: Foreign Trade—What’s Really at Issue? Lecture 36: Free Trade vs. Labor and Environmental Standards Part IV Lecture 37: The Trade Deficit—What Are the Real Issues? Lecture 38: Can Anything Be Done About International Financial Crashes? Lecture 39: A Single European Currency Lecture 40: The Economics of European Union Lecture 41: From Communism to a State of Transition in Russia and Eastern Europe Lecture 42: Has Japan’s Economic Miracle Come and Gone? Lecture 43: Lessons from the East Asian (Rumpled) Tigers Lecture 44: China’s Economic Surge Lecture 45: India Lecture 46: Market Economics Comes to Latin America Lecture 47: Africa’s Plight Lecture 48: What Economists Know, and Don’t Know, About Economic Policy NEW LINKS
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 Latin America (Modern World Cultures) http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801765 Geography is the key that unlocks the door to the world’s wonders. There are, of course, many ways of viewing the world and its diverse physical and human features. In this series - MODERN WORLD CULTURES - the emphasis is on people and their cultures. As you step through the geographic door into the ten world cultures covered in this series, you will come to better know, understand, and appreciate the world’s mosaic of peoples and how they live. You will see how different peoples adapt to, use, and change their natural environments. And you will be amazed at the vast differences in thinking, doing, and living practiced around the world. The MODERN WORLD CULTURES series was developed in response to many requests from librarians and teachers throughout the United States and Canada. Íåõóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà / Non-Fiction Fruchtzwerg Wed, 23 Jul 2008 21:58:02 +0400 Welcome to Latin America, one of the world’s largest, most homogeneous, and most fascinating culture realms! Strangely, most of the norteamericanos (Northern Americans, or residents of Canada and the United States) know very little about their southern neighbors. Sadly, too, much of what they do “know” about the region is false. Stereotypes, misconceptions, and general ignorance abound. Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes once said, “What the United States does best is to understand itself. What it does worst is understand others.” To understand other places and people, we must learn about them. Contents: Introduction Introducing Our Latin American Neighbors Diverse Natural Landscapes Native Cultures European Heritage Population and Settlement Cultural Geography Political Geography Economic Geography Latin America Looks Ahead History at a Glance Further Reading Index The Lost Room: Lessons http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801764 This is a personal collection of exercises you could use together with The Lost Room, a science fiction television miniseries Òîëüêî äëÿ ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ / Only for teachers sneza Wed, 23 Jul 2008 21:57:19 +0400 The Lost Room Episode one: The key and the clock 33 pages
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 Frommer's Yellowstone & Grand Teton National Parks http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801763 Frommer's Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks is packed with all the facts, tips and descriptions you need to have perfect park vacation, in a pocket size guide: The most memorable park experiences, from Old Faithful and Mammoth Hot Springs, to Snake River raft trips. Great places to stay in and near the parks, ranging from historic lodges to family-friendly motels plus a complete campground guide for each park. A fully illustrated nature guide to help you spot and identify bald eagles, bison, wildflowers, and more. The best hikes, from ranger-led interpretive walks to challenging backcountry overnights. What to see and do outside of the parks: rodeos, chuckwagon feeds, IMAX nature films, an elk preserve, Jackson Hole's bars and boutiques, and more. Detailed, accurate park and trail maps Íåõóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà / Non-Fiction bukka Wed, 23 Jul 2008 21:55:50 +0400 Frommer's Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks is packed with all the facts, tips and descriptions you need to have perfect park vacation, in a pocket size guide: - The most memorable park experiences, from Old Faithful and Mammoth Hot Springs, to Snake River raft trips. - Great places to stay in and near the parks, ranging from historic lodges to family-friendly motels-plus a complete campground guide for each park. - A fully illustrated nature guide to help you spot and identify bald eagles, bison, wildflowers, and more. - The best hikes, from ranger-led interpretive walks to challenging backcountry overnights. - What to see and do outside of the parks: rodeos, chuckwagon feeds, IMAX nature films, an elk preserve, - Jackson Hole's bars and boutiques, and more. - Detailed, accurate park and trail maps. Southeast Asia (Modern World Cultures) http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801762 Geography is the key that unlocks the door to the world’s wonders. There are, of course, many ways of viewing the world and its diverse physical and human features. In this series - MODERN WORLD CULTURES - the emphasis is on people and their cultures. As you step through the geographic door into the ten world cultures covered in this series, you will come to better know, understand, and appreciate the world’s mosaic of peoples and how they live. You will see how different peoples adapt to, use, and change their natural environments. And you will be amazed at the vast differences in thinking, doing, and living practiced around the world. The MODERN WORLD CULTURES series was developed in response to many requests from librarians and teachers throughout the United States and Canada. Íåõóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà / Non-Fiction Fruchtzwerg Wed, 23 Jul 2008 21:54:45 +0400 Southeast Asia brings to mind exotic people and exotic places that seem very far away. From the beautiful beaches of Bali, Indonesia, to the bustling modern city of Singapore, this region is home to many ancient cultures that are developing modern political structures and economies. This transition is taking many of the people of Southeast Asia on a whirlwind ride. They are moving from an era of European colonial economies built on the lucrative spice trade to twenty-first-century technical jobs created in the age of computers, biotechnology, and the Internet. Contents Introduction Getting Acquainted With Southeast Asia Nature Historical Geography From Colonies to Countries People and Cultures Political Geography Economic Geography Southeast Asia Looks Ahead History at a Glance Bibliography Further Reading Index Encyclopedia of United States National Security, 2 Vol. Set http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801761 The Encyclopedia of United States National Security encourages curiosity about international affairs and, in particular, the long list of issues that affect our national security. A first of its kind, this encyclopedia is a must-have resource for all school, community, and academic libraries. With over 750 entries, the Encyclopedia of United States National Security is the first single, concise reference source to provide accurate and informative answers to the many challenging questions of how, why, when, and where national security has evolved. In addition to presenting historical facts and analyses, this two-volume encyclopedia is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to some of the more complicated and abstract questions concerning world politics and national security. A thoroughly interdisciplinary work, this Encyclopedia views national security from historical, economic, political, and technological perspectives. Ñëîâàðè è ýíöèêëîïåäèè/Dictionaries and Encyclope bukka Wed, 23 Jul 2008 21:54:04 +0400 Product Description Since the tragic events of September 11, 2001, the topic of national security has never been of broader concern to all Americans. Rarely have we felt as threatened as we do in our current security environment. With over 750 entries, the Encyclopedia of United States National Security is the first single, concise reference source to provide accurate and informative answers to the many challenging questions of how, why, when, and where national security has evolved. In addition to presenting historical facts and analyses, this two-volume encyclopedia is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to some of the more complicated and abstract questions concerning world politics and national security. A thoroughly interdisciplinary work, this Encyclopedia views national security from historical, economic, political, and technological perspectives. Key Features Examines the full range of contemporary weapons systems including air, sea, and land warfare; ballistic missile defense; space weapons; stealth technology; antisubmarine warfare; and biological weapons Explores much more than the use of force as protection by introducing competing paradigms, such as economic and diplomatic tools in security strategy Includes excerpts from treaties, speeches, and other sources and provides an overview of important events such as scandals and breaches of national security Offers a close look at the leaders and thinkers that shaped U.S. security policy as well as individuals who have had the greatest impact upon U.S. national security Key Themes Armed Forces and Other Defenders Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties Armaments and Weapons Systems Concepts and Theories Decision Makers and Others Key Events Movements Military Hardware Military and Non-Military Strategy Organizations, Institutions, and Groups Places Politics and Policy Special Populations Technology  Wars and Warfare The Genesis of Grammar: A Reconstruction (Studies in the Evolution of Language) http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801759 This book reconstructs what the earliest grammars might have been and shows how they could have led to the languages of modern humankind. Like other biological phenomena, language cannot be fully understood without reference to its evolution, whether proven or hypothesized," wrote Talmy Givon in 2002. As the languages spoken 8,000 years ago were typologically much the same as they are today and as no direct evidence exists for languages before then, evolutionary linguists are at a disadvantage compared to their counterparts in biology. Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva seek to overcome this obstacle by combining grammaticalization theory, one of the main methods of historical linguistics, with work in animal communication and human evolution. The questions they address include: do the modern languages derive from one ancestral language or from more than one? What was the structure of language like when it first evolved? And how did the properties associated with modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? The authors proceed on the assumption that if language evolution is the result of language change then the reconstruction of the former can be explored by deploying the processes involved in the latter. Their measured arguments and crystal-clear exposition will appeal to all those interested in the evolution of language, from advanced undergraduates to linguists, cognitive scientists, human biologists, and archaeologists. Íåõóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà / Non-Fiction, Íàó÷íàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà/Science literature, Ëèíãâèñòèêà / Linguistics SLar Wed, 23 Jul 2008 21:51:35 +0400 This book reconstructs what the earliest grammars might have been and shows how they could have led to the languages of modern humankind. Like other biological phenomena, language cannot be fully understood without reference to its evolution, whether proven or hypothesized," wrote Talmy Givon in 2002. As the languages spoken 8,000 years ago were typologically much the same as they are today and as no direct evidence exists for languages before then, evolutionary linguists are at a disadvantage compared to their counterparts in biology. Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva seek to overcome this obstacle by combining grammaticalization theory, one of the main methods of historical linguistics, with work in animal communication and human evolution. The questions they address include: do the modern languages derive from one ancestral language or from more than one? What was the structure of language like when it first evolved? And how did the properties associated with modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? The authors proceed on the assumption that if language evolution is the result of language change then the reconstruction of the former can be explored by deploying the processes involved in the latter. Their measured arguments and crystal-clear exposition will appeal to all those interested in the evolution of language, from advanced undergraduates to linguists, cognitive scientists, human biologists, and archaeologists. About the Authors Bernd Heine is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the Institute of African Studies, University of Cologne. His 33 books include Possession: Cognitive sources, forces, and grammaticalization (CUP, 1997); Auxiliaries: Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization (OUP, 1993); Cognitive Foundations of Grammar (USA, 1997); with Derek Nurse, African Languages: An Introduction (CUP, 2000), A Linguistic Geography of Africa (CUP, to appear 2007). Tania Kuteva is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Dusseldorf and author of Auxiliation: An Enquiry into the Nature of Grammaticalization (OUP, 2001). Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva are the joint authors of World Lexicon of Grammaticalization (CUP, 2002) and Language Contact and Grammatical Change (CUP, 2005), and The Changing Languages of Europe (OUP, 2006).  
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 Genealogy Online For Dummies http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801758 Researching your genealogy online is like being a kid in a candy store. So many neat things catch your eye that it’s difficult to decide which one to try. That’s where Genealogy Online For Dummies, 5th Edition comes in. This completely practical handbook helps you become a smart, discriminating researcher from the moment you start your investigation. Unlike other genealogy books, this easy-to-use guide does more than show you how to access and use online resources; it lays out a sensible organized process you can follow to make your research more efficient and achieve your genealogical goal faster. You'll learn how to start your research before you go online, understand traditional methods of genealogy, identify Web sites that will be most helpful to your research, get vital information and statistics from government records, and much, much more Discover how to:     * Use basic online and offline research techniques     * Develop a plan for your research     * Integrate Internet resources to achieve your genealogical goal     * Create Web sites where family members can make contact     * Access domestic records for births, deaths, immigration, and more     * Research ethnic ancestry through international records     * Verify what you find     * Protect your research Äðóãîå/Other Maria Wed, 23 Jul 2008 19:44:24 +0400 Researching your genealogy online is like being a kid in a candy store. So many neat things catch your eye that it’s difficult to decide which one to try. That’s where Genealogy Online For Dummies, 5th Edition comes in. This completely practical handbook helps you become a smart, discriminating researcher from the moment you start your investigation. Unlike other genealogy books, this easy-to-use guide does more than show you how to access and use online resources; it lays out a sensible organized process you can follow to make your research more efficient and achieve your genealogical goal faster. You'll learn how to start your research before you go online, understand traditional methods of genealogy, identify Web sites that will be most helpful to your research, get vital information and statistics from government records, and much, much more Discover how to:     * Use basic online and offline research techniques     * Develop a plan for your research     * Integrate Internet resources to achieve your genealogical goal     * Create Web sites where family members can make contact     * Access domestic records for births, deaths, immigration, and more     * Research ethnic ancestry through international records     * Verify what you find     * Protect your research New Frontiers: Modern Perspectives on Our Solar System http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801757 New Frontiers: Modern Perspectives on Our Solar System (24 lectures, 30 minutes/lecture) Course No. 1823 Taught by Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute Ph.D., University of California at Berkeley New Frontiers: Modern Perspectives on Our Solar System is a visually stunning and richly detailed investigation of what we know about the solar system today. Illustrated with insightful diagrams, amazing computer animations, and scores of spectacular images from telescopes and spacecraft, these 24 lectures show you a new and exciting way to view our celestial neighborhood—all under the guidance of astrophysicist and top astronomy educator, Dr. Frank Summers from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Âèäåî / Video alternative Wed, 23 Jul 2008 19:43:13 +0400 New Frontiers: Modern Perspectives on Our Solar System (24 lectures, 30 minutes/lecture) Course No. 1823 Taught by Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute Ph.D., University of California at Berkeley In recent years, cutting-edge telescopes, satellite imaging, and unmanned spacecraft have led to a fascinating series of discoveries that have changed our picture of the Sun and the family of objects that orbit it—including Earth. This new perspective has grown out of many intriguing findings such as these: The reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet, one of countless icy bodies—and not even the largest—in the outer solar system The 2005 landing of the Huygens probe on Saturn's moon Titan, which revealed a bizarre world where liquid methane acts like water does on Earth: falling as rain, carving channels in the landscape, and collecting in lakes One of the largest radiation and particle storms from the Sun ever recorded, which blasted interplanetary space in 2003 and offered a vivid demonstration of the ferocity of space weather The detection since the 1990s of several hundred planets orbiting other stars, allowing us to compare for the first time our solar system with other planetary systems New Frontiers: Modern Perspectives on Our Solar System is a visually stunning and richly detailed investigation of what we know about the solar system today. Illustrated with insightful diagrams, amazing computer animations, and scores of spectacular images from telescopes and spacecraft, these 24 lectures show you a new and exciting way to view our celestial neighborhood—all under the guidance of astrophysicist and top astronomy educator, Dr. Frank Summers from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Welcome to the 21st-Century Solar System Often cited as the most profound change in our view of the solar system, the Copernican revolution of the 16th century proposed the philosophical shift that Earth and the planets orbit the sun instead of the universe revolving around Earth, as appeared to be the case from our vantage point. But Dr. Summers, whose work at the STScI's Office of Public Outreach presents the findings of the Hubble Space Telescope and developments in general astronomy to the public through various media and educational outlets, suggests another candidate for the biggest change in our views. "I think the space age is the most important epoch," he says. "It brought us new ways to observe the solar system in more wavelengths with bigger telescopes, new ways to analyze with better data and faster processing, and also a new way to explore, both with robots and with our own eyes." Remodeling the Solar System Not only does New Frontiers allow you to see the solar system with fresh eyes, it also offers you a new model to serve as an organizing guide. Gone is the familiar diagram you find in many old reference books depicting the Sun and nine planets forming a neat, straight line. Dr. Summers provides key points as to why this perspective is so outdated: A straight-line alignment of the planets occurs only every three quadrillion years—600,000 times the present age of our solar system! The distances between planets and their relative sizes compared to the Sun are wildly out of scale. Most importantly, there is so much more to the solar system than just these 10 objects. You discover what Dr. Summers, an expert astrophysicist who headed the development of exhibits for the opening of the American Museum of Natural History's Rose Center for Earth and Space, calls the "21st-century solar system." He suggests that, instead of a straight line, the solar system is best seen as a bulls-eye with six concentric circles, each of which represents the six families of objects in our solar system. Working outward from the center, you have the following alignment: The Sun: The only star in our solar system. The rocky planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Composed of rock, they are close to the Sun and have few or no moons. The asteroid belt: A band of small, mostly rocky bodies between Mars and Jupiter. The giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Orbiting far from the Sun, these large planets have gaseous atmospheres, rings, and moons. The Kuiper belt: The region beyond Neptune now known to be the reservoir of the short-period comets containing mostly icy bodies (including Pluto). The Oort cloud: The reservoir of the Sun's long-period comets, located almost a quarter of the way to the nearest star. The Usefulness of the Modern View This modern view of the solar system is useful in many ways. Foremost, it provides you with a bigger picture of the solar system, organizing and classifying its objects based on similar characteristics and offering a better understanding of how they are grouped and structured. In addition, it underscores the enormity of the solar system. Not only is the recently discovered Kuiper belt object Eris larger than Pluto, its orbit takes it almost twice as far from the Sun. The Oort cloud extends 500 times farther than Eris. Another advantage to this new model is that it tells you the story of the formation and evolution of the solar system: Rocky planets formed near the Sun, where it was too hot for ices and gases to condense. Asteroids populate a zone where planet formation was disrupted by Jupiter's gravitational field. Jupiter and the other giant planets accreted in the region beyond the "frost line," where gas, ice, and rock were all available. The icy objects in the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud coalesced in the super-cold, low-density conditions beyond Neptune. With a better grasp on this new picture of the solar system, you explore the space-age solar system as we now know it. This approach is comparative, reflecting the way that planetary science is conducted today: where the same phenomena are examined in all their variety from world to world. You consider these and other examples: Craters: These are found throughout the solar system. On the moon, craters can be dated to reveal a period of bombardment following the formation of the solar system. On Earth, one recently identified crater is thought to be the smoking gun in the demise of the dinosaurs. Weather: Weather on other planets can be markedly more severe than weather on Earth. Jupiter has a gigantic, centuries-old storm that could swallow several Earths, and the air temperature on Venus is more than 460° C. Moons: Moons are rich worlds unto themselves. Among the seven large and 160 small moons, our moon is unusual in that it is one-quarter of the size of its planet. Computer simulations show that it probably formed when a Mars-sized body smashed into the forming Earth. Get Breathtaking Views New Frontiers is illustrated with the many exhilarating views of the solar system afforded to us by continued advances in space technology. Indeed, there is no better guide for this visually rich journey than Dr. Summers, whose own work with scientific imagery (in the Academy Award–nominated IMAX film Cosmic Voyage and the IMAX short film Hubble: Galaxies Across Space and Time) reflects a deep understanding of and passion for the role that visualizations play in comprehending our universe. From the celebrated rovers on Mars and the Galileo probe orbiting Jupiter or Cassini at Saturn to the lesser-known missions studying asteroids and comets, the pictures taken from ground-based observatories, space telescopes, and satellite missions help give you a clearer idea of just how critical the technological advancements of the space age have affected our views of the solar system. They also reflect the profoundly sublime nature of its diverse characteristics. Fittingly enough, the course ends with a stunning movie from the Messenger spacecraft as it left Earth on its mission to Mercury—a movie that captures our slowly rotating planet growing ever smaller and that demonstrates a truly breathtaking new perspective on our solar system. It is a perspective that continues to evolve as astronomers peer further into our galaxy and continue to explore the hundreds of planetary systems discovered around other stars. The stunning point of view on display in New Frontiers shows you just how much more there is to uncover about your true place among the stars. File size: 3,47 GB. Website: http://www.teach12.com/ttcx/coursedesclong2.aspx?cid=1823&pc=HomePageFeature
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 Egzamin gimnazjalny. Companion. http://englishtips.org/index.php?newsid=1150801755 Archiwum zawiera: Podręcznik + klucz + CDAudio (mp3) Egzamin gimnazjalny. Companion to nowa publikacja, przygotowana przez doświadczonych pedagogów i egzaminatorów z myślą o uczniach przystępujących do egzaminu gimnazjalnego z języka angielskiego. Obejmuje różnorodne ćwiczenia i przykładowe zestawy egzaminacyjne, opracowane zgodnie z formatem egzaminu, podstawą programową i standardami wymagań egzaminacyjnych obowiązującymi od dnia 3 września 2007 roku! Książka może być wykorzystana zarówno przez nauczycieli w klasie, jak i przez uczniów samodzielnie przygotowujących się do egzaminu. Do książki dołączona jest płyta CD z nagraniami tekstów do zadań rozwijających umiejętności z zakresu odbioru tekstu słuchanego i reagowania językowego. Klucz, wydany w formie oddzielnej broszurki, zawiera zapis nagrań oraz przystępnie napisany komentarz uzasadniający poprawność rozwiązań. Najważniejsze zalety zbioru: bogaty wybór ćwiczeń rozwijających znajomość leksyki oraz umiejętności odbioru tekstu słuchanego, odbioru tekstu czytanego i reagowania językowego w obrębie poszczególnych zakresów tematycznych 5 przykładowych zestawów egzaminacyjnych słowniczek angielsko-polski wraz z wymową praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące najistotniejszych aspektów egzaminu i strategii egzaminacyjnych przejrzysty i przyjazny układ druk na papierze ułatwiającym robienie notatek Äðóãèå ýêçàìåíû / Other exams, Àóäèî / Audio domel Wed, 23 Jul 2008 19:37:52 +0400 Archiwum zawiera: Podręcznik + klucz + CDAudio (mp3) Egzamin gimnazjalny. Companion to nowa publikacja, przygotowana przez doświadczonych pedagogów i egzaminatorów z myślą o uczniach przystępujących do egzaminu gimnazjalnego z języka angielskiego. Obejmuje różnorodne ćwiczenia i przykładowe zestawy egzaminacyjne, opracowane zgodnie z formatem egzaminu, podstawą programową i standardami wymagań egzaminacyjnych obowiązującymi od dnia 3 września 2007 roku! Książka może być wykorzystana zarówno przez nauczycieli w klasie, jak i przez uczniów samodzielnie przygotowujących się do egzaminu. Do książki dołączona jest płyta CD z nagraniami tekstów do zadań rozwijających umiejętności z zakresu odbioru tekstu słuchanego i reagowania językowego. Klucz, wydany w formie oddzielnej broszurki, zawiera zapis nagrań oraz przystępnie napisany komentarz uzasadniający poprawność rozwiązań. Najważniejsze zalety zbioru: bogaty wybór ćwiczeń rozwijających znajomość leksyki oraz umiejętności odbioru tekstu słuchanego, odbioru tekstu czytanego i reagowania językowego w obrębie poszczególnych zakresów tematycznych 5 przykładowych zestawów egzaminacyjnych słowniczek angielsko-polski wraz z wymową praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące najistotniejszych aspektów egzaminu i strategii egzaminacyjnych przejrzysty i przyjazny układ druk na papierze ułatwiającym robienie notatek